4 Pillars of System Design

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1) 4 Pillars of DSA. (click on DSA to see)
2) LLD (Low-Level Design)
3) HLD (High-Level Design)
4) Knowledge of DevOps.

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4 Pillars of DSA. (click on DSA to see)

Already details available, please check that by clicking DSA above

LLD (Low-Level Design)

Low-Level Design (LLD): After you complete a system design or high-level design,

you have the details of the system components, including the class diagrams, module level, APIs, and database schemas.

It’s all about the implementation details the design patterns and the coding best practices.

 

Here’s a structured table summarizing Low-Level Design (LLD) concepts:

Aspect	Description	Examples
Class Diagrams	Defines classes, attributes, methods, and relationships.	UML Class Diagrams
Object-Oriented Design (OOD)	Uses OOP principles like SOLID, encapsulation, and inheritance.	Applying SOLID in a UserService class
Design Patterns	Reusable solutions to common design problems.	Singleton, Factory, Observer
Database Schema Design	Defines tables, relationships, indexing strategies, and constraints.	ER Diagrams, SQL Table Design
API Contracts	Defines request/response structures, endpoints, and interfaces.	RESTful API design, OpenAPI Spec
Sequence Diagrams	Represents object interactions sequentially.	User authentication flow
Code-Level Considerations	Focuses on modularization, error handling, and logging.	Clean code, logging frameworks, exception handling
Concurrency Handling	Manages multi-threading, locks, and synchronization.	Mutex, Semaphore, Read-Write Locks
Performance Optimization	Enhances system efficiency through caching and efficient algorithms.	Redis Caching, Query Optimization
Security Considerations	Implements authentication, authorization, and data encryption.	OAuth, JWT, SSL, AES Encryption

 

4 Pillars of System Design

HLD (High-Level Design)

High-Level Design (HLD) Summary in Tabular Form

Aspect	Description	Examples
Architecture Design	Defines system architecture like monolith, microservices, or serverless.	Microservices, Layered Architecture
Component Diagram	Represents high-level system components and their interactions.	Services, Databases, Message Queues
Module Breakdown	Splits the system into modules with defined responsibilities.	User Service, Payment Service, Order Service
Technology Stack	Chooses technologies for frontend, backend, databases, and communication.	React, Node.js, Java, MySQL, Redis, Kafka
Database Design	Defines major data entities and relationships at a high level.	ERD, Table Relationships
API Design	Defines service endpoints, protocols (REST, GraphQL, gRPC), and interactions.	RESTful APIs with JSON, OpenAPI Spec
Scalability Planning	Plans for horizontal/vertical scaling, load balancing, and caching.	Load Balancers, CDN, Auto-Scaling
Security & Compliance	Defines authentication, authorization, and security mechanisms.	OAuth, JWT, SSL, GDPR Compliance
Fault Tolerance	Ensures system resilience using retries, failover mechanisms, and redundancy.	Circuit Breaker, Retry Mechanism
Performance Considerations	Optimizes system response time, throughput, and latency.	Caching, DB Indexing, Async Processing
External Integrations	Plans integration with third-party services (e.g., payment gateways, APIs).	Stripe, Twilio, AWS S3

 

Knowledge of DevOps

DevOps: As a developer, it is always good to have some knowledge of DevOps to automate deployment, collaboration, and system availability as a senior developer.

DevOps Concepts: Tabular Representation Here is a systematic distilled representation of DevOps Concepts:

 

4 Pillars of System Design

DevOps Overview

Aspect	Description	Examples/Tools
Version Control	Tracks changes in source code. Enables collaboration.	Git, Bitbucket, GitHub, GitLab
CI/CD (Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment)	Automates build, test, and deployment processes.	Jenkins, GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, CircleCI
Infrastructure as Code (IaC)	Manages infrastructure using code instead of manual setup.	Terraform, AWS CloudFormation, Ansible
Configuration Management	Ensures consistent system configurations across environments.	Ansible, Puppet, Chef, SaltStack
Containerization	Packages applications with dependencies for consistent deployment.	Docker, Podman
Orchestration	Manages multiple containers in production environments.	Kubernetes (K8s), Docker Swarm, OpenShift
Monitoring & Logging	Tracks system health, logs, and performance.	Prometheus, Grafana, ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana), Datadog
Cloud Services	Uses cloud providers for scalable infrastructure.	AWS, Azure, Google Cloud (GCP)
Security & Compliance	Implements security best practices, access controls, and audits.	Vault, AWS IAM, SonarQube, SAST, DAST
Networking & Load Balancing	Distributes traffic and optimizes performance.	Nginx, HAProxy, AWS ALB/ELB
Release Management	Controls software releases and rollback strategies.	Feature Flags, Blue-Green Deployment, Canary Releases

Why DevOps Matters for a Senior Developer?

• Automates Deployment → Faster time-to-market
• Improves Collaboration → Bridges Dev & Ops teams
• Enhances Reliability → Reduces downtime and failures
• Optimizes Performance → Efficient monitoring and scaling

 

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